1. Introduction: The role of distance The externalization of European border control can be defined as the range of processes whereby European actors and Member States complement policies to control migration across their territorial boundaries with initiatives that realize such control extra-territorially and through other countries and organs rather than their own. The phenomenon has...

1. Introduction It is widely known that many migrants coming from Sub-Saharan Africa or the Middle East try to reach the European shores through Libya. It is also widely known that, before being able to set sail, many of them are halted and detained for a long time in Libya, where they suffer from gross...